Stakeholders Involved in Decision Making

Stakeholders Involved in Decision Making Mitchelle Malijan In every policy making process, the elements involved, and the most engaged people are those who are on the higher ranks of the organisational chart, such as the board of directors, managers, and supervisors. The reason for this is because another key factor in the approval of any policies is the monetary fund or budget needed to execute such plan of action. In line with this, the budget is usually handled and managed by those who are in the higher division of any organisation, thus giving them the power and influence over the whole system. However, it is always ideal to involve all the participating individuals, such as the staffs and consumers as well in the making of any policy. This is because the employees are the ones who are in direct connection to the problems that are identified which will be the foundation of the policy making procedure. Overall, the staffs doing most of the jobs are the ones greatly affected by any problems recognised that is why it is really important for these group of people to be part of the decision making process in creating any policies. Workplace Any work place may be run by a variety of leaders with different and diverse management styles. It depends on the type of company that they handle. However, the important thing in making decisions in the work place is the welfare of the staffs and employees. It is because these people are the ones who are in direct involvement to any work related issues in the company, even though the decisions are done by those who are in the higher rank in the office, like the directors, CEO’s and the like. Due to this scenario, an applicable decision making model for this particular area may be the Contingency Theory. Contingency theory states that a leader must have a good relationship with his members. It also expresses that no particular or specific style will be perfect and always suitable for every organisation. These factors; Leader-member relationship, his power and authority over the people, will make up for the favourability of any situation.[1] At the end of the day, the decision to be done by the manager or leader will still depend whether his subordinates or staff will agree on it. Government The government is a group of leaders who are having influence or power over a particular assembly of people or community. This entails the idea that a leader must possess a quality of a good commander who is firm, strong, and determined; but still must be able to communicate and listen well to his people who are under his authority. That is why a decision making model which may be applicable for this area is the Political Bargaining Model. The Political Bargaining Model states that every decision making process that is influenced by certain factors, like what the people or participants bargain, want and need in a particular scenario or environment. This model can be used in the government setting as the government, even though run by leaders, is still created by the people since they are the ones being managed and they are the ones who voted for those leaders to be in their position. So in the end, what matters most is the people’s consensus and decision. To make this simple, the leaders must serve these people who put them to the place where they are now. This is relevant though in a democratic government. Since the leaders in the government have the job and responsibility to maintain and safeguard the welfare of their subordinates, they must be able to do what is best for them, and be flexible as much as possible to attend to their necessities and wants. In this system, collaboration and give and take actions between the members and the leaders are evident. Professional Organisations A professional organisation is defined as any group of individuals who are working in the same line of business or occupation.[2] This organisation, commonly not profit generating, aims to promote, enhance, and develop the existing performance or scope of practice of the profession that it is involved with. It also targets to protect and safe guard the welfare, safety, and interest of its members and stakeholders.[3] Examples of these groups are organisations like the Nursing Council of New Zealand, Chartered Professional Engineers Council, and the like. In making decisions for the professional organisational setting, the organisational process model may be applicable. This is because the policy created by these bodies lies on the existing rules that each profession possesses. In addition to this idea, it is mentioned that a professional organisation, as the definition states, aims to improve and develop the scope of practice of the occupation it covers. Hence, the organisational process model of decision making is a suitable pattern and framework for this area of politics and policy that a health care professional may be immersed with. An example for this can be the case of creating a policy to manage the working hours and shifts of nurses in hospitals and health care facilities. This proposal will rely on the existing fact of the working hours and schedules that a nurse have; say for instance 40 hours per week and shifting from night to day duties. To reduce the risk for health hazards, stress, and fatigue for employees, some changes or adjustments will be recommended for this. Like giving allowance of around 9 hours for those nurses who will be shifting duties from night to day, or vice versa. In this recommendation, nurses will still be working on different shifts, as per required in their profession, and also still get the same working hours required. Community A community is a small or large unit in the society that is composed of group of people who are sharing the same interests, pursuits, and goals in life. Any decisions that are to be done with regard to this circle must be beneficial for the majority and their interest. Decisions must also be done in line with the current trends, situations, and circumstances. So, for this area, a suitable decision making pattern may be the Garbage Can Model. The Garbage Can Model is defined as the opposite of the rational decision making model, thus, leading it to the thought that it may be disorganised and confusing as opposed to the other one. But, if looking deep into its meaning and context, the Garbage can model can be a sensible tool to solve issues in the community because it uses the four elements: people or members, issues, the solutions, and the choices. By studying those four factors, decisions are being formulated in a practical way and less time consuming because the only needed things are taken into consideration. This scenario can be compared in an emergency situation in an emergency department in the hospital. The decisions to be done by the health care professionals such as the doctors and nurses will be solely based on the client’s condition and diagnosis (represents people and issues), the possible interventions that can be done to alleviate the pain or cure the ailment (solutions), and the choices (equipment an d medications available). This way, resources are maximised and only the essential factors are considered. This is the reason why this model is suitable for the community setting since in this area, various issues may arise because of the number of people involved in this association, so a decision maker must be able to focus on one problem at a time, and lay down only the needed solution choices for such to avoid confusion and time wastage. References: Shpak, S. (2014). The Contingency Theory of Decision Making. Retrieved from: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/contingency-theory-decision-making-44645.html Reference for Business. (2014). Retrieved from: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Professional-and-Trade-Organizations.html Wikipedia: Professional Organisation. (n.d.). Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association [1] [2] [3]

Christian University Essay

This essay is a review of the book Shiloh- In Hell Before Night written by James Lee McDonough. James Lee McDonough was born on June 17, 1934 in Nashville, Tennessee. It is here that he spent his childhood. Regarding his education, the author attended Lipscomb High School. He received his higher education at David Lipscomb College where he attained a BA degree in 1956. He later went to M. A Abilene Christian University where he attained an M. A degree in 1961. The author received his PhD from the Florida State University in 1966. He was to be appointed as a Professor of History, a post he held in Lipscomb, Pepperdine and Auburn universities. Currently, he is a retired professor of history at Auburn University. The author was lauded by the Army for his role in furthering knowledge in military history and has received many accolades for his efforts in military history scholarship . Besides Shiloh- in Hell before Night, the author has written many other books. These include Chattanooga – Death Grip on the Confederacy, Five Tragic Hours; Stones River- Bloody Winter in Tennessee, Nashville; The Western Confederacy’s Final Gamble and War in Kentucky: from Shiloh to Perryville. His other books which are still in print include Sky Riders; History of the 327/401 Glider Infantry, ‘War so terrible’: Sherman and Atlanta and The Battle of Franklin. Moreover, he has written more than 30 articles, and reviewed close to seventy books . Shiloh- in Hell before Night was published by the University of Tennessee Press in 1977. At the time of writing the book, the author was a scholar at the David Lipscomb College in Nashville, Tennessee where he was a history professor. Having attained all the academic qualifications mentioned, he was well qualified to write the book. In this book, the author has used both primary and secondary sources. He makes great use of primary sources when he lets the participants in the war narrate their experiences. Among the primary sources which the author has utilized include recollections, letters and personal diaries of the combatants. For instance, the personal diaries of Thomas Lovemore, Samuel Watkins, Clarence Buell, William Tecumseh Sherman, R. F Learned and Braxton Bragg are utilized. Regarding secondary sources, the author cites writers who have made contributions on related subjects such as D. W. Reed, Shellby Footes, Lloyd Lewis and John Duke. He also cites magazine articles such as the Richmond enquirer, Chicago Times, and New Orleans Daily Picayune. Other secondary sources which the author has made use of include personal diaries, letters and official records. This book is an attempt by the author to provide an overview of the battle of Shiloh. This battle took place in 1862 at Shiloh near the border between Tennessee and Mississippi and was a defining moment in America’s Civil War. The action begun in February 1862 when the Union Army pushed the Confederate Army, which was led by General Albert Johnston at that time, compelling them to surrender most of Tennessee. Major General Ulysses Grant was the commander of the Union Army and come spring, he assembled a 40,000 strong force close to Pittsburg Landing just next to the Tennessee River. The intention of the Union Army was to attack the rail intersection of Corinth, Mississippi, which was an important infrastructural facility. Before they could attack however, they were ambushed by the Confederates who attacked them when they were close to the Shiloh Church. This event occurred on April 6th, 1862. The total number of Confederate troops who made the march were no less than 44, 000 and were led by Johnston and General P. G. T Beauregard. As the author writes, the element of surprise worked well for the Confederates as they were able to repulse the Union Army’s right flank by one and a half kilometer after battling for three hours. However, the Union Army withstood the assault and its left flank remained largely unmoved. The area of action where the Union forces withstood the confederate attack was called the ‘Hornet’s Nest’. By late evening, Johnston lay dead, having been injured on the leg. Beauregard assumed control of the Confederate Army upon the death of Johnston and called off the action later in the day. The Union Army got reinforcements later during the night. The reinforcements were led by Major General Don Carlos Buell and Lew Wallace. Beauregard turned down pleas by General Nathan Bedford Forrest that the Confederates attack when he saw the arrival of the reinforcement. With the reinforcements, the Union Army was able to repulse the Confederates and Beauregard surrendered before evening and retreated to Corinth. The battle of Shiloh was costly as it led to the deaths of more than 23,000 people. This book is important as it was the first scholarly attempt at describing the battle of Shiloh. It redefined the way people viewed the battle, what with its treatment of aspects deemed to be controversial. In a major departure from the prevailing thoughts, the author asserted that the death of Johnston did not in any way influence the outcomes of the battle. Additionally, he avers that there was no respite whatsoever following this death. Another major assertion which the author makes is that Beauregard’s decision to halt the attack was the right one and that, contrary to the dominant thought; the Confederates did not have any real opportunity on the evening of April 6th. What’s more, the author posits that the arrival of the reinforcements led by Buell did not have any noticeable impact on the outcome of battle on the first day. The author also asserts that the main activity of the entire battle was the conflict at Hornet’s Nest. He avers that Grant was able to erect the last line of defense at Pittsburg Landing primarily because the Sunken Road was able to withstand the Confederate offensive. The author does not stop there as he holds Braxton Bragg responsible for the Confederates’ inability to pry open the Hornet’s Nest. This, as he explains, was occasioned by Bragg’s inability to assemble the 18,000 troops required to mount the offensive. The purpose of the author is to provide an accurate, irrefutable and personalized rendition of the battle of Shiloh. Through this book, he hopes to give the reader an overview of the events preceding and occurring during, and immediately after the 48 hour battle. By and large, it can be said that the author achieved this purpose. He wades through the occurrences, giving reasonable explanations which rationalize such controversial questions as what made the Union Army to be ambushed in surprise. The author also provides judgment on whether Beauregard exercised judicial restraint when he halted the battle on the first day. He gives us sneak previews on what went into the preparations of both sides, discuses the personalities and experiences of the generals and shows us what was done wrong. The author also delves into the role of the Confederate and Union generals, assessing the various command decisions and returning judgment on the leadership ability. Through all these, he achieves his purpose as the reader is able to understand what happened, why it happened, when it happened, where it happened and most importantly, how it happened.

The Issue Of Privacy On Computers And The Internet

The argument â€Å"Nothing to hide, nothing to fear† states that as individuals we are entitled to privacy unless our private on goings involve illegal activities (Wikipedia). Conversely â€Å"Computers and privacy don’t mix† suggests that the concept of privacy is non-existent when using computers, due to the nature of computers themselves. Both statements feed into the issue of privacy on the platform of computers. This essay contends that privacy on computers and the internet is a complex problem due to the poor state the law governing it and privacy being misunderstood by society on the computer platform due to the infancy of the internet and computers and security issues that could be similarly regarded as part of problem to why computers and privacy don’t mix at this point in time and that even In order to discuss both arguments and come to an informed decision that is relevant to the topic, what privacy means must be considered. The very definition of privacy is very much so a topical debate in its self Solove (2007). For example (Oxford Dictionaries) defines privacy as â€Å"A state in which one is not observed or disturbed by other people† this definition describes privacy with much ambiguity, as it raises questions as to what point does one become disturbed by another person. Further at what point observing another person becomes an invasion of privacy. It can be said that privacy is defined by having the choice to be left alone and having the freedom from interference orShow MoreRelatedEthics in Technology Essay1555 Words   |  7 PagesIn the early years of computers and computerized technology, computer engineers had to believe that their contribution to the development of computer technology would produce positive impacts on the people that would use it. 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Anyone with even little hacking knowledge can track every move that you make while using internet services and/or view private or confidential information. It is now possible for some internet sites can actually find information such as e-mail addresses or the name of the person/people viewing the site without authorisation

The Critique Of Karl Marx Essay - 1549 Words

In â€Å"Marx: Anthropologist,† Thomas C. Patterson provides archival research and contemporary analysis to defend the assertion that Karl Marx was one of the first urban anthropologists and a progenitor of emic ethnography in western culture. Patterson also aims to correct prior misinterpretations of Marx’s work in a polemic manner, addressing deficiencies in early analyses through careful argumentation and relevant evidence to contrary inferences. Patterson’s stated purpose is to answer the question â€Å"What would Marx’s anthropology look like today?† and does so by explaining the correlation between critical-dialectical methodology and the manner in which Marx went about social analysis. Chapters are organized according to each subject’s relevance to the construction of Marx’s anthropology. Chapter one focuses on the greater political state of Europe and university culture in which Marx received his education, providing historical and pedagogical explanations for the manifestation of his ideas. Chapter two explains the facets of Marx’s â€Å"philosophical† anthropology, explaining how Marx viewed the moral and social characteristics of humans. Chapter three highlights Marx’s ideas and works that explain his â€Å"empirical† anthropology, or the how he viewed the natural and biological determinants of human existence. Chapter four aims to explain the importance of modes of production and social relations to Marx’s theory of cultural change. In chapters five and six, Patterson incorporatesShow MoreRelated Karl Marx and His Critique of Capitalism Essays1569 Words   |  7 Pages(dictionary.com). This paper will discuss the changes in capitalism since Marx’s critique in 1848. Marx’s fundamental critique remains correct today. 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